Ceramics have always been a shared heritage of humanity, but porcelain is a unique creation of China. As one of the oldest civilizations in the world, China has a long and rich history of ceramic art. The evolution from pottery to porcelain reflects a continuous journey of innovation and refinement, shaping the historical development of Chinese ceramics. Over 8,000 years of ceramic production, this transformation—from earthenware to porcelain, and back again—has formed the core context of China’s ceramic progress.
Jingdezhen, known as the “Porcelain Capital,†has played a central role in the development of ancient Chinese ceramic science, craftsmanship, and art. It inherited the legacy of three major glaze systems: iron, copper, and cobalt, and later developed high-temperature color glazes and low-temperature glazes. The porcelain art tradition of Jingdezhen was shaped through centuries of collaboration between official kilns (Guanyao) and folk kilns (Min Kilns), earning it recognition both domestically and internationally. Its influence on global ceramic traditions cannot be overstated.
In the early 20th century, China faced great challenges, and the ceramic industry nearly collapsed. However, with the founding of New China, efforts were made to revive and modernize traditional ceramic arts. In the 1950s, the state implemented a planned economy for the ceramic industry, shifting from handicraft to industrial production. This period marked a significant recovery and transformation. A key milestone was the creation of "Jianguo Porcelain," commissioned by the Central People's Government and designed by artists from the Central Academy of Fine Arts. It became a symbol of national pride and a turning point in the restoration of traditional Chinese ceramics.
The 1950s also saw the establishment of the Jingdezhen Ceramics Museum and Research Institute, aimed at preserving and reviving ancient techniques. Ceramic artists like Wang Dafan and Liu Yuxi contributed to the revival of classic styles, while scientific research helped bring traditional methods into the modern era. This period laid the foundation for the continued development of Jingdezhen’s ceramic art.
With the reform and opening up, Jingdezhen experienced a new wave of growth. In the late 1970s, the city began researching and restoring Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasty blue-and-white porcelain, gaining widespread acclaim. By the 1990s, the city had become a hub for ceramic innovation, blending traditional craftsmanship with contemporary artistic styles. The use of new materials and techniques allowed for greater creative freedom, moving away from rigid decorative patterns toward more personalized expressions.
In recent years, with economic reforms and the rise of the market economy, Jingdezhen’s handmade porcelain tradition has seen a revival. Small studios and workshops have brought fresh energy to the industry, introducing innovative approaches to molding and firing. The introduction of gas kilns, for example, has given potters more control over temperature and atmosphere. Additionally, the establishment of the Jingdezhen Ceramics Workers’ College has trained a new generation of artisans, contributing to the broader development of China’s ceramic industry.
Since the 1960s, the Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute has become a vital institution, producing many skilled professionals who now lead the field across the country. As China’s ceramic industry continues to grow, the institute is expanding its reach, aiming to become a multidisciplinary and international center of excellence. Over the past five decades, Jingdezhen’s journey in preserving and developing its ceramic art has mirrored the experiences of other traditional ceramic regions in China. Despite challenges, the path forward remains promising, and the future of Chinese ceramics looks brighter than ever.
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