The history and craft of jade carving before Qin and Han

Jade carving is a traditional Chinese technique and one of the oldest sculptures in China. It has a long history of more than 7,000 years of continuous development. Jade carving is also a concrete manifestation of Chinese jade culture. Jade carvings of different eras are branded with different eras. They have been developed into a development context since ancient times. Through it, we can also feel the unique and colorful cultural information of China.

Since the beginning of civilization, to date, the Chinese jade has undergone various changes, and under the careful craftsmanship of countless skilled craftsmen, it has developed into an artistic treasure with profound cultural heritage and distinctive national characteristics. The national sentiments of Chinese Chongyu and Aiyu are deeply rooted, and jade has been deeply integrated into Chinese traditional culture and ritual customs. Jade carving art is one of the most fascinating Chinese traditional handicrafts, and also a precious heritage in the treasure house of Chinese national culture. Chinese jade carving is unique in the world of jade craftsmanship, shining with brilliance!

Prehistoric period

The Chinese jade has a long history. As early as in the Paleolithic Age, the Chinese nation appeared jade utensils. However, the original ancestors did not treat it differently from ordinary stone. This period was also called the “Jade and Stone Coexistence Era”. In the late Neolithic period, jade articles gradually separated from stone tools and embarked on the process of independent development in technology and art. During this period, China entered the first stage of jade manufacturing. Exquisite jade articles are unearthed in the ruins of Hemudu Culture, Dawenkou Culture, Liangzhu Culture, Hongshan Culture and Longshan Culture. Among them, jade articles unearthed from Liangzhu Culture and Hongshan Culture are the most eye-catching. It can be said that the foundation of jade culture is precisely the birth and lay in the distant prehistoric times.

Xia Shang Zhou period

Xia is the first slave country in Chinese history. According to ancient literature, Xia Dynasty is a country that advocates jade civilization. As the jade of the first dynasty of Chinese civil society, it is a historical summary of the inheritance of prehistoric jade. On the basis of the overall simple and solemn style, it innovates the shape, ornamentation and style of some artifacts; on the other hand, it is the jade of Shang Dynasty. The development of the foundation laid a new era for the aesthetic characteristics of the jade in the new era, and played a role in the past and the future. The Erlitou culture jade that is currently known is the representative form of the Xia Dynasty jade.

Jade carving is one of the important handicrafts in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. From the aspects of the design and artistic style of the unearthed jade, its achievements are no less than the bronzes known in the Shang Dynasty. The application of bronze tools in the jade craftsmanship has significantly improved the technology of the jade jade. The jade articles of the Shang Dynasty are technologically advanced in terms of modeling, carving and polishing, and there are many innovative breakthroughs. There were not many jade articles discovered in the early Shang Dynasty. There were jade, shovel, shovel, kiln, shovel, knife, and scorpion jade. The variety was small and the tanning system was rough. In the late Shang Dynasty, the jade was represented by the jade unearthed from the Yinxu Women's Tomb in Anyang. The social function of the Shang Dynasty jade has changed a lot. At this time, the jade began to turn into play, and only more than half of the decorative jade. The most amazing thing is that the Shang Dynasty has emerged as the earliest jade jade in China, Yuxi, and began to have a large number of round sculptures. It can be said that the Shang jade carving process has reached a new peak.

The Zhou Dynasty was a powerful slavery country after the Shang Dynasty and a patriarchal society with a strict class. The Zhou Dynasty paid great attention to the establishment of the ritual system. Therefore, the jade articles of Zhou Dynasty deviated from the development track of the jade articles of Shang Dynasty and developed towards the etiquette jade. The style of heavy jade in the Zhou Dynasty is extremely prosperous, and the skills of the jade jade are constantly improved, making the objects beautiful. In terms of workmanship, in addition to inheriting the Shang Dynasty double hook line, it also created a rough side of the slope line jade jade skills. In general, the Western Zhou jade does not have the lively and diverse jade articles of Shang Dynasty. Most of them are mainly in the shape of a piece, and there are few round carvings. They are too regular and slightly dull. This is not unrelated to the strict patriarchal and ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which lasted for more than 500 years, political lords contend for hegemony, and hundreds of academic and cultural fields contend. As iron tools replaced bronze tools, the development of productivity was greatly promoted. The jade handicraft industry also experienced a turning point in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The production process was exquisite and extraordinary, and the jade carving art was brilliant. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade was heavily input into the Central Plains. Confucian scholars combined Hetian jade and ritual studies to embody ritual thoughts with Hetian jade. The formation and development of jade culture is also the theoretical basis for the enduring Chinese jade carving art. The spiritual pillar of the 7000-year-old loves the jade fashion. The jade artifacts of the Spring and Autumn Period have evolved from the flattening and simplification of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the direction of hidden and complicated, and developed into the Warring States Period. The jade craftsmanship is more mature, and the methods of hollowing out and embossing are widely used. The world’s eye-catching Zeng Houyi The multi-section dragon and phoenix peony unearthed from the tomb, Da Yu Pei Pei, unearthed from the Wei royal family in Guwei Village, Hui County, Henan Province, all reflect the difficult craft level of the Warring States jade. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Li Yu gradually decreased, and Pei Yu increased. Common jade articles include 琮, 璜, 璧, bracelets, rings, sword ornaments, and accessories. Among them, jade and dragon-shaped ornaments are the most popular, in addition to jade belt hooks and jade. And a variety of funerary jade and so on From the level of craftsmanship, the Warring States jade is the most exquisite era in the history of ancient Chinese jade crafts.

Qin and Han Dynasties

"Six Kings, Four Seas One", in 221 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the first unified feudal state in Chinese history. Although there were terracotta warriors and horses known as the eighth wonder of the world in the Qin Dynasty, unfortunately, jade wares were rarely unearthed, and they were not emperor jade. Their typicality is not enough. The art of jade carving in the Qin Dynasty also depends on the new discoveries of underground archaeology.

Chinese jade developed into the Han Dynasty and entered the third peak period. The Han Dynasty was a golden age in Chinese history, with social stability and strong national strength. It was also a period of prosperity and development in the history of Chinese jade, and the jade culture was flourishing. The Western Han Dynasty continued the characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Warring States, and the change was not too big. The tradition of the Western Han Dynasty jade in the Eastern Han Dynasty slightly changed, adding a strong decorative color, and the ups and downs of the Western Han Dynasty have been difficult to reproduce. , Yan Yan and so on inscribed jade. Han jade is rich in variety, numerous in quantity and exquisite in processing technology. According to its social function and use, it can be divided into four categories: Li Yu, Funeral Jade, Decorative Jade and Furnishing Jade. In the Han Dynasty, the jade was reduced, while the decorative jade and the funeral jade increased greatly, and the jade utensils also had a larger development. Among them, the most embodying the characteristics of the jade in the Han Dynasty and the level of carving craftsmanship are the jade and the jade. The world-famous Jinyu Yuyi is the so-called funeral jade, and the jade jade is more able to reflect the craftsmanship of Hanyu. The three-dimensional sculptures such as jade galloping horse, jade bear, jade eagle, and jade evil spirits condense the art of the Han Dynasty. style. The jade carving techniques of the Han Dynasty have become increasingly diverse, and the hidden and hollowing techniques are very skillful and popular. High reliefs and round carvings have also been widely used. The thick and thin lines are used in the characteristics of the jade carvings of the Han Dynasty. The evolution from the Yin line to the hairs is an important symbol of the jade carvings of the Han Dynasty. "Han Ba ​​Knife" is also famous for its concise carving style, especially represented by Yu Wenzhong, Yuxi and Jade Pig, which has become a major feature of the jade carving in the Han Dynasty.

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